Wednesday, December 7, 2011
Tuesday, November 29, 2011
Working women -- The Economist
See the big difference between China and India. I wonder does one-child policy help with the high women labor participation rate in China (because parents only get one daughter to depend on?)
Monday, November 28, 2011
全球通史摘抄
第一编 第一章
文明之前的人类
如果这样做了,我们就会发现,有一块陆地在世界上跟有独一无二、无可争辩的地位, 这就是欧亚大陆——它自新石器时代以来,一直是世界历史的真正心脏地区。欧亚大陆占地球陆地总表面的五分之二,其人口为世界人口的十分之九。人类最先进、最持久的文明就是在那里发展起来的。在很大程度上,可以说,人类的历史也就是欧亚大陆各文明地区的历史。欧亚大陆的地位何以会如此优越,其主要原因,也许可用著名人类学家弗朗兹·博亚兹的观点来说明:
人类的历史证明,一个社会集团,其文化的进步往往取决于它是否有机会吸取邻近社会集团的经验。一个社会集团所获得的种种发现可以传给其他社会集团;彼此之间的交流愈多样化,相互学习的机会也就愈多。大体上,文化最原始的部落也就是那些长期与世隔绝的部落,因而,它们不能从邻近部落所取得的文化成就中获得好处。
换句话说,如果其他地理因素相同,那么人类取得进步的关键就在于各民族之间的可接近性。最有机会与其他民族相互影响的那些民族,最有可能得到突飞猛进的发展。实际上,环境也迫使它们非迅速发展不可,因为它们面临的不仅是发展的机会,还有被淘汰的压力。如果不能很好地利用相互影响的机会求得发展,这种可接近性就常会带来被同化或被消灭的危险。相反,那些处于闭塞状态下的民族,既得不到外来的促进,也没有外来的威胁,因而,被淘汰的压力对它们来说是不存在的,它们可以按原来的状况过上几千年而不危及其生存。
从世界史的角度看,不应把欧亚大陆看作是由欧洲和亚洲这两块大陆组成的,而应看作是由中东、印度、中国、欧洲和欧亚大陆中部草原地区这五失具有深远历史意义的地区组成的。
欧亚大陆中部草原地区拥有无边无际的草地,从东方的中国东北部一直延伸到西方的匈牙利。它为由欧亚大陆边缘地区向外伸展的各文明中心进行交往提供了一条陆上通道。靠大草原养活的游牧民们总是赶着他们的牧群,到处迁徙,并随时准备着,一有机会,就去攫取北京、德里、巴格达和罗马的财富。肥沃的大河流域和平原创造了欧亚大陆古老的核心文明,而大草原则便利了这些文明之间的接触和联系。这种联系,有时取和平的方式,即通过陆上贸易的途径;有时则取侵掠的方式,即贫瘠的内陆地区的游牧部族不断地去劫掠使他们馋涎欲滴的富庶的外国区域。因此,欧亚大陆的历史基本上是在游牧部族与定居文明相互影响的过程中形成的。来自游牧部族的不断的侵掠常常造成了涉及范围广泛的强大的部族迁徙运动。这种侵掠不仅具有很大的破坏性,而且也具有革新的作用。它将没落的王朝、僵化的制度和陈旧的习俗扫荡殆尽,而导入新的民族、技术和思想,因而,在很大程度上决定了欧亚大陆历史的发展进程。 1500 年之前的欧亚大陆的历史分为上古时期、古典时期和中古时期——这是本卷所要研究的三大历史时期。这三大历史时期的主要转折点的到来,大体均起因于游牧部族的侵掠活动。
澳大刮亚的土著居民生活在遥远的海岛上,与大陆完全隔绝达 30000 年之久,因而,他们在发展过程中受到的阻碍最大。他们全都停留在食物采集阶段,与非洲人和美洲印第安人的情况形成了鲜明对照。非洲人除了霍屯督人和你相术人还处于食物采集阶段外,在苏丹地带已建立起庞大的帝国;美州印第安人虽在加利福尼亚和火地岛仍有部分食物采集者,然在其他地方已有了先进的阿兹台克人文明、印加人文明和玛雅人文明。实际上,南太平洋给澳大利亚造成的隔绝状态,既阻碍了人类文化的发展,又使古代的某些动植物如桉树属植物、单孔目动物和有袋目动物得以幸存下来。
欧亚大陆历史悠久的高级文明、非洲和南北美洲同时并存的庞大帝国和食物采集者集团、澳大利亚普遍而单一的旧石器时代的生产水平——这些就是 15 世纪当欧洲人向海外探险时所遇见的各人类社会极为不同的情形。
Friday, September 23, 2011
Running Stats
sin 4 degree * 3 miles
= 0.07 * 3 * 1.6 * 3.28 * 1000 ft
= 1100 ft
sin 15 degree * 3 miles
= 0.26 * xxx
= 4100 ft
wow, so much elevation difference. lol
= 0.07 * 3 * 1.6 * 3.28 * 1000 ft
= 1100 ft
sin 15 degree * 3 miles
= 0.26 * xxx
= 4100 ft
wow, so much elevation difference. lol
Wednesday, September 21, 2011
One hundred peaks
http://angeles.sierraclub.org/hps/hpslist.htm
Only 5 done.. -_-
Mt Lowe 5,603'
Mt Wilson 5,710's
Mt San Antonio 10,064'
Dawson Peak 9,575'
Pine Mountain 9,648'
Update 09/24/11, 2 more peaks
Waterman Mountain 8,038'
Twin Peaks 7,761'
Update 10/01/11, 1 more peak
San Gorgonio Mountain 11,499'
Update 10/15/11, 1 more peak
San Jacinto Peak 10,804'
Update 10/23/11, 3 more peaks
Timber Mountain 8,303'
Telegraph Peak 8,985'
Thunder Mountain 8,587'
Update 11/05/11, 1 more peak
Cucamonga Peak 8,859'
Update 12/11/11, 1 more peak
Monrovia Peak 5,409'
Resource:
Sunday, August 21, 2011
Thursday, August 18, 2011
UKTrip -- High School Reunion
After Asia, North America, Australia, now came Europe. Or more specifically, the island near the Continental Europe. -__-
The first stop was Cambridge, where my two high school classmates, Lao Guo and Yan Feng, study. Lao Guo likes to emphasize on the time span since we last met, "Ah, 7 years, 7 years have passed", and since we first met, "Ah, 11 years, we have known each other for 11 years". This made me suddenly feel old and nostalgic. What made things worse is the unbelievable brain memory of Lao Guo that enables him to recall every detail of events happened in high school. In contrast, I can only recall blurry images and feelings.
Lao Guo said I didn't change at all, still like 11 years ago. I disagreed. Then Lao Guo asked me if I think he changed. I thought for a while, "maybe, but not much". "You see, the first impression has been deeply planted into our mind, really hard to change", Lao Guo analyzed.
I wasn't fond of my high school, and also felt guilty on certain things. Maybe that's why I tend to forget details and rarely contact my high school classmates. "Who still remember those things, take it easy", Lao Guo was a little surprised when I said so. "Besides, it's really not easy for us to meet each other and get stuck together for 3 years". Yes, Lao Guo might be right. Our high school was intense, in the sense that 22 kids have to spend every minute together every day for 3 years, taking all classes together and no home to escape on weekends. Frictions are unavoidable. However, after so many years, who still remember the details? Time has washed them away and only left the good memory of youth.
Tuesday, May 17, 2011
ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER Notes
ON THE SUFFERINGS OF THE WORLD.
Unless suffering is the direct and immediate object of life, our existence must entirely fail of its aim. It is absurd to look upon the enormous amount of pain that abounds everywhere in the world, and originates in needs and necessities inseparable from life itself, as serving no purpose at all and the result of mere chance. Each separate misfortune, as it comes, seems, no doubt, to be something exceptional; but misfortune in general is the rule.
I know of no greater absurdity than that propounded by most systems of philosophy in declaring evil to be negative in its character. Evil is just what is positive; it makes its own existence felt. Leibnitz is particularly concerned to defend this absurdity; and he seeks to strengthen his position by using a palpable and paltry sophism.[1] It is the good which is negative; in other words, happiness and satisfaction always imply some desire fulfilled, some state of pain brought to an end.
......
But misfortune has its uses; for, as our bodily frame would burst asunder if the pressure of the atmosphere was removed, so, if the lives of men were relieved of all need, hardship and adversity; if everything they took in hand were successful, they would be so swollen with arrogance that, though they might not burst, they would present the spectacle of unbridled folly—nay, they would go mad. And I may say, further, that a certain amount of care or pain or trouble is necessary for every man at all times. A ship without ballast is unstable and will not go straight.
Certain it is that work, worry, labor and trouble, form the lot of almost all men their whole life long. But if all wishes were fulfilled as soon as they arose, how would men occupy their lives? what would they do with their time? If the world were a paradise of luxury and ease, a land flowing with milk and honey, where every Jack obtained his Jill at once and without any difficulty, men would either die of boredom or hang themselves; or there would be wars, massacres, and murders; so that in the end mankind would inflict more suffering on itself than it has now to accept at the hands of Nature.
......
THE VANITY OF EXISTENCE.
......
Human life must be some kind of mistake. The truth of this will be sufficiently obvious if we only remember that man is a compound of needs and necessities hard to satisfy; and that even when they are satisfied, all he obtains is a state of painlessness, where nothing remains to him but abandonment to boredom. This is direct proof that existence has no real value in itself; for what is boredom but the feeling of the emptiness of life? If life—the craving for which is the very essence of our being—were possessed of any positive intrinsic value, there would be no such thing as boredom at all: mere existence would satisfy us in itself, and we should want for nothing. But as it is, we take no delight in existence except when we are struggling for something; and then distance and difficulties to be overcome make our goal look as though it would satisfy us—an illusion which vanishes when we reach it; or else when we are occupied with some purely intellectual interest—when in reality we have stepped forth from life to look upon it from the outside, much after the manner of spectators at a play. And even sensual pleasure itself means nothing but a struggle and aspiration, ceasing the moment its aim is attained. Whenever we are not occupied in one of these ways, but cast upon existence itself, its vain and worthless nature is brought home to us; and this is what we mean by boredom. The hankering after what is strange and uncommon—an innate and ineradicable tendency of human nature—shows how glad we are at any interruption of that natural course of affairs which is so very tedious.
......
Unless suffering is the direct and immediate object of life, our existence must entirely fail of its aim. It is absurd to look upon the enormous amount of pain that abounds everywhere in the world, and originates in needs and necessities inseparable from life itself, as serving no purpose at all and the result of mere chance. Each separate misfortune, as it comes, seems, no doubt, to be something exceptional; but misfortune in general is the rule.
I know of no greater absurdity than that propounded by most systems of philosophy in declaring evil to be negative in its character. Evil is just what is positive; it makes its own existence felt. Leibnitz is particularly concerned to defend this absurdity; and he seeks to strengthen his position by using a palpable and paltry sophism.[1] It is the good which is negative; in other words, happiness and satisfaction always imply some desire fulfilled, some state of pain brought to an end.
......
But misfortune has its uses; for, as our bodily frame would burst asunder if the pressure of the atmosphere was removed, so, if the lives of men were relieved of all need, hardship and adversity; if everything they took in hand were successful, they would be so swollen with arrogance that, though they might not burst, they would present the spectacle of unbridled folly—nay, they would go mad. And I may say, further, that a certain amount of care or pain or trouble is necessary for every man at all times. A ship without ballast is unstable and will not go straight.
Certain it is that work, worry, labor and trouble, form the lot of almost all men their whole life long. But if all wishes were fulfilled as soon as they arose, how would men occupy their lives? what would they do with their time? If the world were a paradise of luxury and ease, a land flowing with milk and honey, where every Jack obtained his Jill at once and without any difficulty, men would either die of boredom or hang themselves; or there would be wars, massacres, and murders; so that in the end mankind would inflict more suffering on itself than it has now to accept at the hands of Nature.
......
THE VANITY OF EXISTENCE.
......
Human life must be some kind of mistake. The truth of this will be sufficiently obvious if we only remember that man is a compound of needs and necessities hard to satisfy; and that even when they are satisfied, all he obtains is a state of painlessness, where nothing remains to him but abandonment to boredom. This is direct proof that existence has no real value in itself; for what is boredom but the feeling of the emptiness of life? If life—the craving for which is the very essence of our being—were possessed of any positive intrinsic value, there would be no such thing as boredom at all: mere existence would satisfy us in itself, and we should want for nothing. But as it is, we take no delight in existence except when we are struggling for something; and then distance and difficulties to be overcome make our goal look as though it would satisfy us—an illusion which vanishes when we reach it; or else when we are occupied with some purely intellectual interest—when in reality we have stepped forth from life to look upon it from the outside, much after the manner of spectators at a play. And even sensual pleasure itself means nothing but a struggle and aspiration, ceasing the moment its aim is attained. Whenever we are not occupied in one of these ways, but cast upon existence itself, its vain and worthless nature is brought home to us; and this is what we mean by boredom. The hankering after what is strange and uncommon—an innate and ineradicable tendency of human nature—shows how glad we are at any interruption of that natural course of affairs which is so very tedious.
......
Friday, April 22, 2011
Chinese Poems
Don't know who ranked them though.. -_-||
--------------------------------
36《登幽州台歌》·陈子昂
前不见古人，
后不见来者。
念天地之悠悠，
独怆然而涕下！
陈子昂（公元659～公元700年），唐代文学家,初唐诗文革新人物之一。字伯玉，梓州射洪(今属四川)人。因曾任右拾遗，后世称为陈拾遗。其诗风骨峥嵘，寓意深远，苍劲有力，有《陈伯玉集》传世。《登幽州台歌》和《蓟丘览古赠卢居士藏用》七首也是他杰出的代表作。他是唐诗开创时期在诗歌革新的理论和实践上都有重大功绩的诗人，杜甫称赞他：“千古立忠义，感遇有遗篇。”白居易赞他：“杜甫陈子昂,才名括天地。” 韩愈称赞他：“国朝盛文章，子昂始高蹈。”都对他在唐诗发展上的功绩有高度的肯定，也反映了唐代诗人的公论，至于他的《感遇诗》直接启发了张九龄《感遇》和李白《古风》的创作，李白继承他以复古为革新的理论，进一步完成唐诗革新的历史任务，更是众所周知的事实。
从这首流传千古的《登幽州台歌》，我们当可以看出诗人孤独遗世、独立苍茫的落寞情怀。本篇在艺术表现上也很出色。上两句俯仰古今，写出时间绵长；第三句登楼眺望，写出空间辽阔。在广阔无垠的背景中，第四句描绘了诗人孤单寂寞悲哀苦闷的情绪，两相映照，分外动人。
35.《春望》·杜甫
国破山河在，城春草木深。
感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心。
烽火连三月，家书抵万金。
白头搔更短，浑欲不胜簪。
杜甫（712~770），字子美，号少陵野老，世称杜少陵，杜工部。汉族，由湖北搬到河南巩县（今郑州巩义）人，我国唐代伟大的现实主义诗人、世称“诗圣”、世界文化名人，与李白并称“李杜”。杜甫的诗篇流传数量是唐诗里最多最广泛的,是唐代最杰出的诗人之一,对后世影响深远。
这首诗反映了诗人热爱国家、眷念家人的美好情操，意脉贯通而不平直，情景兼具而不游离，感情强烈而不浅露，内容丰富而不芜杂，格律严谨而不板滞，以仄起仄落的五律正格，写得铿然作响，气度浑灏，因而一千二百余年来一直脍炙人口，历久不衰。
34《如梦令·昨夜雨疏风骤》·李清照
昨夜雨疏风骤，
浓睡不消残酒。
试问卷帘人，
却道海棠依旧。
知否，知否？
应是绿肥红瘦。
李清照（1081─1155？）号易安居士，济南（今属山东）人。李清照是我国宋代一位著名的女词人，是宋朝词坛的一颗明星。她以他自成一格的词作，独树一帜，赢得了当时和后世的好评，在诗歌使上占据着重要的位置。
这首小令是李清照的奠定“才女”地位之作，轰动朝野。传闻就是这首词，使得赵明诚日夜作相思之梦，充分说明了这首小令在当时引起的轰动。又说此词是化用韩偓《懒起》诗意。韩诗曰：“昨夜三更雨，临明一阵寒。海棠花在否？侧卧卷帘看。”但李清照的小令较原诗更胜一筹，入木三分地刻画了少女的伤春心境。
这首小词，只有短短六句三十三言，却写得曲折委婉，极有层次。词人因惜花而痛饮，因情知花谢却又抱一丝侥幸心理而“试问”，因不相信“卷帘人”的回答而再次反问，如此层层转折，步步深入，将惜花之情表达得摇曳多姿。《蓼园词选》云：“短幅中藏无数曲折，自是圣于词者。”可谓的评。
33《龟虽寿》·曹操
神龟虽寿，犹有竟时。
螣蛇乘雾，终为土灰。
老骥伏枥，志在千里；
烈士暮年，壮心不已。
盈缩之期，不但在天；
养怡之福，可得永年。
幸甚至哉！歌以咏志。
关于曹操的文学地位，过去常为其政治业绩所掩，而不为人重视，其实，他在中国文学发展史上，是有卓越贡献的人物，特别对建安文学有开创之功，实在是应当大书一笔的。
本诗作于建安十二年(207)，时曹操五十三岁。诗中融哲理思考、慷慨激情和艺术形象于一炉，表现了老当益壮、积极进取的人生态度。这是一首富于哲理的诗，阐发了诗人的人生态度。诗中 “ 老骥伏枥 ” 四句是千古传诵的名句，笔力遒劲，韵律沉雄，内蕴着一股自强不息的豪迈气概，《龟虽寿》更可贵的价值在于这是一首真正的诗歌，它开辟了一个诗歌的新时代，汉武帝罢黜百家，独尊儒术，把汉代人的思想禁锢了三四百年，弄得汉代文人不会写诗，只会写那些歌颂帝王功德的大赋和没完没了地注释儒家经书，真正有感情，有个性的文学得不到发展。直到东汉末年天下分崩，风云扰攘，政治思想文化发生重大变化，作为一世之雄而雅爱诗章的曹操，带头叛经离道，给文坛带来了自由活跃的空气。他“外定武功，内兴文学”，身边聚集了“建安七子”等 一大批文人，他们都是天下才志之士，生活在久经战乱的时代，思想感情常常表现得慷慨激昂。
32.《江城子·密州出猎》·苏轼
老夫聊发少年狂。左牵黄，右擎苍，锦帽貂裘，千骑卷平冈。
为报倾城随太守，亲射虎，看孙郎。
酒酣胸胆尚开张。鬓微霜，又何妨！持节云中，何日遣冯唐？
会挽雕弓如满月，西北望，射天狼。
这首词作于熙宁八年（1075年）冬。苏轼词风于密州时期正式形成，这首词即公认的第一首豪放词。苏轼对这首痛快淋漓之作颇为自得，在给友人的信中曾写道：“近却颇作小词，虽无柳七郎风味，亦自是一家。呵呵，数日前，猎于郊外，所获颇多，作得一阕，令东州壮士抵掌顿足而歌之，吹笛击鼓以为节，颇壮观也。”苏轼此词一反“诗庄词媚”的传统观念，“一洗绮罗香泽之态，摆脱绸缪宛转之度”，拓宽了词的境界，树起了词风词格的别一旗帜。
这首词感情纵横奔放，令人“觉天风海雨逼人”。词中表现了作者的胸襟见识，情感兴趣，希望理想，一波三折，姿态横生，“狂”态毕露；虽不乏慷慨激愤之情，但气象恢弘，一反词作柔弱的格调，“指出向上一路，新天下耳目”，充满阳刚之美，成为历史弥珍的名篇。
31《月下独酌（四首其一）》·李白
花间一壶酒，独酌无相亲。
举杯邀明月，对影成三人。
月既不解饮，影徒随我身。
暂伴月将影，行乐须及春。
我歌月徘徊，我舞影零乱。
醒时同交欢，醉后各分散。
永结无情游，相期邈云汉。
李白 (701—762年)，生于公元701年2月8日，汉族，字太白，号青莲居士，唐代最伟大的浪漫主义诗人。在我国历史上，被称为"诗仙"。其诗风豪放飘逸，想象丰富，语言流转自然，音律和谐多变。他善于从民歌、神话中汲取营养素材，构成其特有的瑰丽绚烂的色彩，是屈原以来积极浪漫主义诗歌的新高峰，与杜甫并称“李杜”，是华夏史上最伟大的诗人之一。
李白的五言古诗创作的题材非常广泛，风格也是多姿多彩的，这首《月下独酌》完全是李白飘逸风神和浪漫诗风以及个人精神世界的充分展示。全诗一共十四句，前八句平声韵，后六句仄声韵。就五言古诗这一体裁来说，《月下独酌》的篇幅并不算长，但其中却饱含了一颗孤独、寂寞心灵的追求与向往。这首诗通篇的出场人物只有李白自己一个人，却通过独白的方式，在心灵的深处掀起了一层又一层的感情波澜，既跌宕起伏又率性天然，历来被认为是李白诗歌的激情代表之作。
30.《蒹葭·诗经·国风·秦风》
蒹葭苍苍，白露为霜。所谓伊人，在水一方。
溯洄从之，道阻且长；溯游从之，宛在水中央。
蒹葭萋萋，白露未晞。所谓伊人，在水之湄。
溯洄从之，道阻且跻；溯游从之，宛在水中坻。
蒹葭采采，白露未已。所谓伊人，在水之涘。
溯洄从之，道阻且右；溯游从之，宛在水中沚。
《诗经》是中国现实主义文学的光辉起点。由于其内容丰富、思想和艺术上的高度成就，在中国以至世界文化史上都占有重要地位。它开创了中国诗歌的优秀传统，对后世文学产生了不可磨灭的影响。
《蒹葭》选自《诗经?国风?秦风》，大约是2500年以前产生在秦地的一首民歌,是诗经中最优秀的篇章之一。如果把诗中的“伊人”认定为情人、恋人，那么，这首诗就是表现了抒情主人公对美好爱情的执著追求和追求不得的惆怅心情。精神是可贵的，感情是真挚的，但结果是渺茫的，处境是可悲的。然而这首诗最有价值意义、最令人共鸣的东西，不是抒情主人公的追求和失落，而是他所创造的“在水一方”——可望难即这一具有普遍意义的艺术意境。
29.《沁园春·长沙》·毛泽东
独立寒秋，湘江北去，橘子洲头。
看万山红遍，层林尽染；
漫江碧透，百舸争流。
鹰击长空，鱼翔浅底，
万类霜天竞自由。
怅寥廓，问苍茫大地，谁主沉浮？
携来百侣曾游，
忆往昔峥嵘岁月稠。
恰同学少年，风华正茂；
书生意气，挥斥方遒。
指点江山，激扬文字，
粪土当年万户侯。
曾记否，到中流击水，浪遏飞舟?
毛泽东 （1893～1976）伟大的无产阶级革命家,同时也是伟大的无产阶级诗人。著名诗人贺敬之评述毛泽东诗词时曾这样说：“毛泽东诗词以其前无古人的崇高优美的革命感情、遒劲伟美的创造力量、超越奇美的艺术思想、豪华精美的韵调辞采，形成了中国悠久的诗史上风格绝殊的新形态的诗美，这种瑰奇的诗美熔铸了毛泽东的思想和实践、人格和个性。在漫长的岁月里，可以毫不夸张地说，几乎是风靡了整个革命诗坛，吸引并熏陶了几代中国人，而且传唱到了国外。”在我看来，如果说毛主席旧体诗水平达到前无古人后无来者有人还持异议，但说毛主席旧体诗代表了当代旧体诗词的最高水平应该是毫无疑义的。我坚定认为毛主席旧体诗水平达到前无古人后无来者水平，是中国旧体诗词第一人。
《沁园春·长沙》的崇高美，是以情为经线，景为纬线，交织而成的。它不仅使我们得到欣赏壮丽秋景的艺术享受，也使我们从诗人昂扬炽烈的革命情怀中，汲取奋发前进的信心和力量。 在毛主席诗词中，以对山川景物的描绘体现得最为鲜明。《沁园春·长沙》就是其中最优秀的篇什之一。
28.《蜀相》·杜甫
丞相祠堂何处寻？锦官城外柏森森。
映阶碧草自春色，隔叶黄鹂空好音。
三顾频烦天下计，两朝开济老臣心。
出师未捷身先死，长使英雄泪满襟。
“李杜文章万丈高，就中诗律杜陵豪。”杜甫的律诗的确取得了他人难以企及的成就，尤其是夔州以后的诗作，更加成熟。他的律诗对仗工妥，用字精当，声音和谐。正如他自己所表白的那样，“晚节渐于诗律细”、“语不惊人死不休”。杜甫律诗的这些长处，读者在细读《蜀相》这首诗时，是能够领悟得出的。《蜀相》是杜甫的名篇之一，对于壮志未酬者，它既是颂辞，又是挽歌。唐代诗人刘禹锡说：“片言可以明百意，坐驰可以役万里，工于诗者能之。”《蜀相》一诗囊括历史，融汇古今，语言凝炼而内涵丰富。如果把刘禹锡的话用来评《蜀相》，杜甫是当之无愧的。
27.《江城子·乙卯正月二十日夜记梦》·苏轼
十年生死两茫茫，不思量，自难忘。千里孤坟，无处话凄凉。纵使相逢应不识，尘满面，鬓如霜。
夜来幽梦忽还乡，小轩窗，正梳妆，相顾无言，惟有泪千行。料得年年肠断处，明月夜，短松冈。
这是苏轼为悼念原配妻子王弗而写的一首悼亡词。词中采用白描手法，出语如话家常，却字字从肺腑镂出，自然而又深刻，平淡中寄寓着真淳。这首词思致委婉，境界层出，情调凄凉哀婉，为脍炙人口的名作。唐五代及北宋描写妇女的词篇，多数境界狭窄，词语尘下。苏轼此词境界开阔，感情纯真，品格高尚，读来使人耳目一新。用词来悼亡，是苏轼首创。在扩大词的题材，在丰富词的表现力方面，本篇应占有一定的地位。
26.《锦瑟》·李商隐
锦瑟无端五十弦，一弦一柱思华年。
庄生晓梦迷蝴蝶，望帝春心托杜鹃。
沧海月明珠有泪，蓝田日暖玉生烟。
此情可待成追忆，只是当时已惘然。
李商隐（约812年或813年~约858年），汉族，字义山，号玉溪生，又号樊南生、樊南子，晚唐著名诗人。李商隐通常被视作唐代后期最杰出的诗人，其诗风受李贺影响颇深，在句法、章法和结构方面则受到杜甫和韩愈的影响。许多评论家认为，在唐朝的优秀诗人中，他的重要性仅次于杜甫、李白、王维等人。就诗歌风格的独特性而言，他与其他任何诗人相比都不逊色。赞赏李商隐诗歌和批评他的人，所针对的都是他鲜明的个人风格。后世许多诗人模仿李商隐的风格，但没有一位被认可。
这首《锦瑟》，是李商隐的代表作，爱诗的无不乐道喜吟，堪称最享盛名；然而它又是最不易讲解的一篇难诗。自宋元以来，揣测纷纷，莫衷一是。
25.《行路难》·李白
金樽清酒斗十千，玉盘珍馐直万钱。
停杯投箸不能食，拔剑四顾心茫然。
欲渡黄河冰塞川，将登太行雪暗天。
闲来垂钓坐溪上，忽复乘舟梦日边。
行路难，行路难，多歧路，今安在。
长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海。
这首诗一共十四句，八十二个字，在七言歌行中只能算是短篇，但它跳荡纵横，具有长篇的气势格局。其重要的原因之一，就在于它百步九折地揭示了诗人感情的激荡起伏、复杂变化。 这首诗共十四句八十二字，在七言歌行中属短篇。但诗中跌宕起伏的感情，跳跃式的思维，以及高昂的气势，使它成为后人称颂的千古名篇。
24.《出塞》·王昌龄
秦时明月汉时关，
万里长征人未还。
但使龙城飞将在，
不教胡马度阴山。
王昌龄（690-756），汉族。字少伯，盛唐著名边塞诗人。殷璠《河岳英灵集》把他举为体现“风骨”的代表，誉其诗为“中兴高作”，选入的数量也为全集之冠。这些都可见他在诗坛上的地位。王昌龄的诗以三类题材居多，即边塞、闺情宫怨和送别。《全唐诗》对昌龄诗的评价是“绪密而思清”，他的七绝诗尤为出色，甚至可与李白媲美，故被冠之以“七绝圣手”的名号。尤其是他的边塞诗，流畅通脱，高昂向上，深受后人推崇。
《出塞》为乐府《横吹曲》旧题，多写军旅征戌。原作二首，此其一。诗人借用乐府旧题，写下这首铿锵有力的诗篇，也正是抒发出征塞外、为国守边的豪情壮志和内心感慨。这首《出塞》，除具有一般边塞诗那种激越的诗情和那种奔腾的气势外，还很注意语言的精美，并善于在雄壮的场面中插入细节的描写，酝酿诗情，勾勒形象，因而能够神完气足，含蓄不尽，形成独特的艺术风格。
23.《菩萨蛮·书江西造口壁》·辛弃疾
郁孤台下清江水，中间多少行人泪! 西北望长安，可怜无数山!
青山遮不住，毕竟东流去。 江晚正愁余，山深闻鹧鸪。
辛弃疾（1140－1207）享年６７岁，南宋词人。原字坦夫，改字幼安，号稼轩，历城（今山东济南）人，汉族。我国历史上伟大的词人和爱国者。 与苏轼齐名，并称“苏辛”，风格沉雄豪迈又不乏细腻柔媚之处。在苏轼的基础上，大大开拓了词的思想意境，提高了词的文学地位。后人遂以“苏、辛”并称。其诗文亦有足称道者，特别是其文“笔势浩荡，智略辐凑，有权书衡论之风”。他的词作“大声镗鞳，小声铿鍧，横绝六合，扫空万古，自有苍生所未见”，已成为中国文学史上的瑰宝；
辛弃疾此首《菩萨蛮》，用极高明之比兴艺术，写极深沉之爱国情思，无愧为词中瑰宝。梁启超云 ：“《菩萨蛮 》如此大声镗鞳，未曾有也。
(注:辛弃疾好多好词,就像杜甫好多好诗一样,有不少人喜欢辛弃疾《贺新郎》但我查阅了网上好多资料和评论,觉得《贺新郎》只不过是和《水龙吟·登建康赏心亭》、《破阵子·为陈同甫赋壮词以寄之》、《丑奴儿 ?书博山道中壁》同为上等之作,但还不是数一数二之作,本人更喜欢《丑奴儿 ?书博山道中壁》的诗句:“少年不识愁滋味，爱上层楼，爱上层楼，为赋新词强说愁。而今识尽愁滋味，欲说还休，欲说还休，却道天凉好个秋！”)
22.《忆秦娥·娄山关》·毛泽东
忆秦娥·娄山关
西风烈，
长空雁叫霜晨月。
霜晨月，
马蹄声碎，
喇叭声咽（yè)。
雄关漫道真如铁，
而今迈步从头越。
从头越，
苍山如海，
残阳如血。
毛泽东的诗词虽然仍依声韵，遵音律，采用中国传统的旧体诗的形式，但他却是“旧瓶装新酒”，为旧体诗的形式注入了崭新的时代内容。有人曾从技巧上批评毛泽东诗词作品，认为有些作品没有严格遵守音韵声律，甚至有重字等犯戒，又有俚语入诗词的习惯，这些也许从传统诗词创作的角度该是成立的，但我们欣赏今人的作品，没必要非要拿古人的标准苛求今人，亦步亦趋，以形式的来约束内容，恰恰相反，我们可以说，毛泽东的诗词创作大胆创新，继承古人又不拘泥于古人，形式上突破声律的繁文缛节，不以内容迁就形式，内容上取材用语大大拓宽，表现了更广阔范围内的题材，表达了更丰富更绮丽的情感世界。
毛泽东这首《忆秦娥·娄山关》是他所有词作中绝对第一流的作品，写景状物、抒发胸臆，堪当精品。另外，“雄关漫道真如铁，而今迈步从头越”这两句在我们日常生活中使用极为广泛。当我们在生活与工作中遇到挫折或困难时，我们情不自禁或下意识地说出这两句诗，它对于升华我们的精神起到了某种神奇般的效应，有某种神秘的符语般的力量。
21.《梦游天姥吟留别》·李白
海客谈瀛洲，烟涛微茫信难求。越人语天姥，云霞明灭或可睹。天姥连天向天横，势拔五岳掩赤城。天台四万八千丈，对此欲倒东南倾。
我欲因之梦吴越，一夜飞渡镜湖月。湖月照我影，送我至剡溪。谢公宿处今尚在，渌水荡漾清猿啼。脚著谢公屐，身登青云梯。半壁见海日，空中闻天鸡。千岩万转路不定，迷花倚石忽已暝。熊咆龙吟殷岩泉，栗深林兮惊层巅。云青青兮欲雨，水澹澹兮生烟。列缺霹雳，丘峦崩摧。洞天石扉，訇然中开。青冥浩荡不见底，日月照耀金银台。霓为裳兮风为马，云之君兮纷纷而来下。虎鼓瑟兮鸾回车，仙之人兮列如麻。忽魂悸以魄动，恍惊起而长嗟。惟觉时之枕席，失向来之烟霞。
世间行乐亦如此，古来万事东流水。别君去兮何时还？且放白鹿青崖间，须行即骑访名山。安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜！
这是一首记梦诗，也是一首游仙诗。意境雄伟，变化惝恍莫测，缤纷多采的艺术形象，新奇的表现手法，向来为人传诵，被视为李白的代表作之一。虽离奇，但不做作。内容丰富曲折，形象辉煌流丽，富有浪漫主义色彩。 形式上杂言相间，兼用骚体，不受律束，体制解放。信手写来，笔随兴至，诗才横溢，堪称绝世名作。全诗雄奇豪放，瑰丽飘逸，是诗人继承屈原《离骚》、《九歌》风格的一首浪漫主义的优秀诗篇。
20.《声声慢》·李清照
寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。
乍暖还寒时候，最难将息。
三杯两盏淡酒，怎敌他、晚来风急？
雁过也，正伤心，却是旧时相识。
满地黄花堆积，憔悴损，如今有谁堪摘？
守着窗儿，独自怎生得黑？
梧桐更兼细雨，到黄昏、点点滴滴。
这次第，怎一个愁字了得？
有名的《声声慢》是李清照的名作，历来为人们所称道，尤其是作者那哀婉的凄苦情，不知曾感动过多少人。唐宋古文家以散文为赋，而倚声家实以慢词为赋。慢词具有赋的铺叙特点，且蕴藉流利，匀整而富变化，堪称“赋之余”。李清照这首《声声慢》，脍炙人口数百年，就其内容而言，简直是一篇悲秋赋。综观李清照这首写于晚年的《声声慢》，无论从艺术角度还是从遣词造句方面来说，都达到了一定的高度,我们可以说《声声慢》这首满含凄苦情的词,堪称千古绝唱！
19.《诗经·国风·周南·关雎》
关关雎鸠，在河之洲。
窈窕淑女，君子好逑。
参差荇菜，左右流之。
窈窕淑女，寤寐求之。
求之不得，寤寐思服。
悠哉悠哉，辗转反侧。
参差荇菜，左右采之。
窈窕淑女，琴瑟友之。
参差荇菜，左右芼之。
窈窕淑女，钟鼓乐之。
《关雎》出自《诗经?国风?周南》，是《诗经》的首篇，它是反映一个青年对一位容貌美丽姑娘的爱慕和追求，写他求而不得的痛苦和想象求而得之的喜悦。它是我国爱情诗之祖。不仅反映的是令人喜闻乐见的爱情题材，还具有独到的艺术特色。关雎：篇名它是从诗篇中第一句中摘取来的。《诗经》的篇名都是这样产生的。《关雎》首爱情抒情诗，久流传民间；很好的显现了当时年轻人表达爱意的方式。
18.《黄鹤楼》·崔颢
昔人已乘黄鹤去，此地空余黄鹤楼。
黄鹤一去不复返，白云千载空悠悠。
晴川历历汉阳树，芳草萋萋鹦鹉洲。
日暮乡关何处是？烟波江上使人愁。
崔颢（704～754），汴州（今河南开封）人,唐代诗人。这首诗是吊古怀乡之佳作,诗以丰富的想象力将读者引入远古，又回到现实种种情思和自然景色交融在一起，有谁能不感到它的凄婉苍凉。这首诗历来为人们所推崇，被列为唐人七律之首。诗人登临古迹黄鹤楼，泛览眼前景物，即景而生情， 诗兴大作，脱口而出，一泻千里。既自然宏丽，又饶有风骨。诗虽不协律，但音节浏亮而不拗口。真是信手而就，一气呵成，成为历代所推崇的珍品。即使有一代“诗仙”之称的李白，也不由得佩服得连连赞叹，觉得自己还是暂时止笔为好。为此，李白还遗憾得叹气说：“眼前好景道不得，崔颢题诗在上头！”
17.《青玉案·元夕》· 辛弃疾
东风夜放花千树，更吹落、星如雨。宝马雕车香满路。凤箫声动，玉壶光转，一夜鱼龙舞。
蛾儿雪柳黄金缕，笑语盈盈暗香去。众里寻他千百度，蓦然回首，那人却在，灯火阑珊处。
作为一首婉约词，这首《青玉案》与北宋婉约派大家晏殊和柳永相比，在艺术成就上毫不逊色。词作从极力渲染元宵节绚丽多彩的热闹场面入手，反衬出一个孤高淡泊、超群拔俗、不同于金翠脂粉的女性形象，寄托着作者政治失意后，不愿与世俗同流合污的孤高品格。从词调来讲，《青玉案》十分别致，它原是双调，上下阕相同，只是上阕第二句变成三字一断的叠句，跌宕生姿。下阕则无此断叠，一片三个七字排句，可排比，可变幻，随词人的心意，但排句之势是一气呵成的，单单等到排比完了，才逼出煞拍的警策句。古代词人写上元灯节的词，不计其数，辛弃疾的这一首，却没有人认为可有可无，因此也可以称作是豪杰了。
16.《登高》·杜甫
风急天高猿啸哀，渚清沙白鸟飞回。
无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。
万里悲秋常作客，百年多病独登台。
艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒新停浊酒杯。
这是一首最能代表杜诗中景象苍凉阔大、气势浑涵汪茫的七言律诗。前两联写登高闻见之景，后两联抒登高感触之情。由情选景，寓情于景，浑然一体，充分表达了诗人长年飘泊、忧国伤时、老病孤愁的复杂感情。而格调却雄壮高爽，慷慨激越，高浑一气，古今独步。
这首律诗很特别，其四联句句押韵，皆为工对，且首联两句，又句中自对，可谓“一篇之中，句句皆律，一句之中，字字皆律”。就写景而言，有工笔细描（首联），写出风、天、猿、渚、沙、鸟六种景物的形、声、色、态，每件景物均只用一字描写，却生动形象，精炼传神；有大笔写意（颔联），传达出秋的神韵。难怪明代胡应麟《诗薮》说，全诗“五十六字，如海底珊瑚，瘦劲难名，沉深莫测，而精光万丈，力量万钧。通章章法、句法、字法，前无昔人，后无来学，微有说者，是杜诗，非唐诗耳。然此诗自当为古今七言律第一，不必为唐人七言律第一也”。
15.《饮酒》·陶渊明
结庐在人境，而无车马喧。
问君何能尔？心远地自偏。
采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。
山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还。
此中有真意，欲辨已忘言。
陶渊明（约365—427），字元亮，晚年更名潜。九江柴桑（今江西九江市）人，东晋末期南朝宋初期诗人、辞赋家、散文家。相关作品有《饮酒》、《桃花源记》《五柳先生传》等。南朝时期，陶渊明的文学地位，虽得不到应有的肯定，但他的诗文作品，流传越来越广，影响越来越大。到了隋唐时期，有越来越多的诗人喜欢陶渊明的诗文，对陶渊明的评价越来越高。苏轼在《与苏辙书》中说“吾与诗人无所甚好，独好渊明之诗渊明作诗不多，然其诗质而实绮，癯而实腴，自曹、刘、鲍、谢、李、杜诸人，皆莫过也”。苏东坡把陶诗放在李白、杜甫之上，有失公允，但他用“质而实绮，癯而实腴”八个字，概括陶诗的艺术风格，还是很准确的。陶渊明的不朽诗篇，陶渊明的伟大人品，影响了李白、杜甫、白居易、苏东坡、辛弃疾等几代文人的思想和创作。为中国文学的发展和繁荣，作出了不可估量的贡献。
本篇是《饮酒》二十首中的第五首。诗歌的主旨是展示诗人运用魏晋玄学“得意忘象”之说领悟“真意”的思维过程，富于理趣。前四句平易得如同口语，其实结构非常严密。第一句平平道出，第二句转折，第三句承上发问，第四句回答作结。高明在这种结构毫无生硬的人为痕迹。读者的思路不知不觉被作者引导到第四句上去了。难怪连造语峻峭的王安石也大发感慨：自有诗人以来，无此四句！
14.《永遇乐·京口北固亭怀古 》·辛弃疾
千古江山，英雄无觅，孙仲谋处。舞榭歌台，风流总被，雨打风吹去。斜阳草树，寻常巷陌，人道寄奴曾住。想当年，金戈铁马，气吞万里如虎。
元嘉草草，封狼居胥，赢得仓皇北顾。四十三年，望中犹记，烽火扬州路。可堪回首，佛狸祠下，一片神鸦社鼓。凭谁问：廉颇老矣，尚能饭否？
同属豪放派，与苏轼相比，辛弃疾少了一份旷达、一份雄迈，多了几许悲凉、几许苍劲。“大江东去，浪淘尽千古风流人物”，“乱石穿空，惊涛拍岸，卷起千堆雪”，何等豪迈，何等雄壮!这是辛弃疾做不到的。全词基调虽是豪放，却流淌着一股浓郁的悲凉、惆怅之情。上片“千古江山”，起句伟岸、挺拔，“英雄无觅”却笔锋一转，调子低了下来。这首词是南宋豪放派词人辛弃疾的代表作，也是最优秀的爱国词作之一，历来备受后人传颂，有人甚至称此词为辛词之首。杨慎在《词品》中说:“辛词当以京口北固亭怀古《永遇乐》为第一”。
13.《琵琶行》·白居易
元和十年，予左迁九江郡司马。明年秋，送客湓浦口，闻舟中夜弹琵琶者，听其音，铮铮然有京都声。问其人，本长安倡女，尝学琵琶于穆、曹二善才，年长色衰，委身为贾人妇。遂命酒，使快弹数曲。曲罢悯然，自叙少小时欢乐事，今漂沦憔悴，转徒于江湖间。予出官二年，恬然自安，感斯人言，是夕始觉有迁谪意。因为长句，歌以赠之，凡六百一十六言，命曰《琵琶行》。
浔阳江头夜送客，枫叶荻花秋瑟瑟。主人下马客在船，举酒欲饮无管弦。醉不成欢惨将别，别时茫茫江浸月。忽闻水上琵琶声，主人忘归客不发。寻声暗问弹者谁，琵琶声停欲语迟。移船相近邀相见，添酒回灯重开宴。千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面。转轴拨弦三两声，未成曲调先有情。弦弦掩抑声声思，似诉平生不得意。低眉信手续续弹，说尽心中无限事。轻拢慢捻抹复挑，初为《霓裳》后《六幺》。大弦嘈嘈如急雨，小弦切切如私语。嘈嘈切切错杂弹，大珠小珠落玉盘。间关莺语花底滑，幽咽泉流冰下难。冰泉冷涩弦凝绝，凝绝不通声暂歇。别有幽愁暗恨生，此时无声胜有声。银瓶乍破水浆迸，铁骑突出刀枪鸣。曲终收拨当心画，四弦一声如裂帛。东船西舫悄无言，唯见江心秋月白。
沉吟放拨插弦中，整顿衣裳起敛容。 自言本是京城女，家在虾蟆陵下住。[虾蟆(há ma)陵] 十三学得琵琶成，名属教坊第一部。 曲罢曾教善才服，妆成每被秋娘妒。 五陵年少争缠头，一曲红绡不知数。 钿头银篦击节碎，血色罗裙翻酒污。 今年欢笑复明年，秋月春风等闲度。 弟走从军阿姨死，暮去朝来颜色故。 门前冷落鞍马稀，老大嫁作商人妇。 商人重利轻别离，前月浮梁买茶去。 去来江口守空船，绕船月明江水寒。 夜深忽梦少年事，梦啼妆泪红阑干。
我闻琵琶已叹息，又闻此语重唧唧。 同是天涯沦落人，相逢何必曾相识！ 我从去年辞帝京，谪居卧病浔阳城。 浔阳地僻无音乐，终岁不闻丝竹声。 住近湓江地低湿，黄芦苦竹绕宅生。 其间旦暮闻何物？杜鹃啼血猿哀鸣。 春江花朝秋月夜，往往取酒还独倾。 岂无山歌与村笛，呕哑嘲哳（zhāo zhā）难为听。 今夜闻君琵琶语，如听仙乐耳暂明。 莫辞更坐弹一曲，为君翻作《琵琶行》。
感我此言良久立，却坐促弦弦转急。凄凄不似向前声，满座重闻皆掩泣。座中泣下谁最多?江州司马青衫湿。
白居易(772--846)，中唐著名诗人，汉族，字乐天，号香山居士，晚年好佛，因而人称诗佛,又自号乐天居士。白居易是中国文学史上负有盛名且影响深远的唐代诗人和文学家，有“诗魔”和“诗王”之称，他的诗在中国、日本和朝鲜等国有广泛影响，是“新乐府运动”的领袖。他一生作诗很多，以讽喻诗为最有名，语言通俗易懂，被称为“老妪能解”。叙事诗中《琵琶行》、《长恨歌》等极为有名!
这首诗的艺术性是很高的，其一，他把歌咏者与被歌咏者的思想感情融二为一，说你也是说我，说我也是说你，诗人以为他们“同是天涯沦落人”；其二，诗中的写景物、写音乐，手段都极其高超，而且又都和写身世、抒悲慨紧密结合，气氛一致，使作品自始至终浸沉在一种悲凉哀怨的氛围里。其三，作品的语言生动形象，具有很强的概括力，而且转关跳跃，简洁灵活，所以整首诗脍炙人口，极易背诵。诸如“千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面”；“别有幽情暗恨生，此时无声胜有声”；“同是天涯沦落人，相逢何必曾相识”，等等都是多么凝炼优美、多么叩人心扉的语句啊！
12.《短歌行》其一·曹操
对酒当歌，人生几何？ 譬如朝露，去日苦多。
慨当以慷，忧思难忘。 何以解忧？唯有杜康。
青青子衿，悠悠我心。 但为君故，沉吟至今。
呦呦鹿鸣，食野之苹。 我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙。
明明如月，何时可掇？ 忧从中来，不可断绝。
越陌度阡，枉用相存。 契阔谈宴，心念旧恩。
月明星稀，乌鹊南飞。 绕树三匝，何枝可依？
山不厌高，海不厌深。 周公吐哺，天下归心。
曹操，(155-220)即魏武帝，东汉末年杰出的政治家、军事家、文学家、诗人，文学方面，在曹操父子的推动下形成了以三曹（曹操、曹丕、曹植）为代表的建安文学，史称建安风骨，在文学史上留下了光辉的一笔。南朝钟嵘写了一部《诗品》，品评诗人，区分第等，把曹操的诗置于下品。可是，曹操的诗却有了一种震撼人心的巨大力量，使后代无数英雄志士为之倾倒若狂。
《短歌行》是汉乐府的旧题，属于《相和歌?平调曲》。这就是说它本来是一个乐曲的名称，这种乐曲怎么唱法，现在当然是不知道了。这首诗是曹操的代表作之一。诗中抒发渴望招纳贤才、建功立业的宏图大愿。用四言体写来，内容深厚，庄重典雅，感情充沛。
11.《蜀道难》·李白
噫吁嚱！危乎高哉！蜀道之难，难于上青天。蚕丛及鱼凫，开国何茫然！尔来四万八千岁，不与秦塞通人烟。西当太白有鸟道，可以横绝峨眉巅。地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连。上有六龙回日之高标，下有冲波逆折之回川。黄鹤之飞尚不得过，猿猱欲度愁攀援。青泥何盘盘！百步九折萦岩峦。扪参历井仰胁息，以手抚膺坐长叹。
问君西游何时还，畏途巉岩不可攀。但见悲鸟号古木，雄飞雌从绕林间。又闻子规啼夜月，愁空山。蜀道之难，难于上青天！使人听此凋朱颜。连峰去天不盈尺，枯松倒挂倚绝壁。飞湍瀑流争喧豗，砯崖转石万壑雷。其险也如此，嗟尔远道之人胡为乎来哉？
剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开。所守或匪亲，化为狼与豺。朝避猛虎，夕避长蛇。磨牙吮血，杀人如麻。锦城虽云乐，不如早还家。蜀道之难，难于上青天，侧身西望长咨嗟。
《蜀道难》是李白最富浪漫主义色彩的代表作。这首诗，大约是唐玄宗天宝初年，李白第一次到长安时写的。《蜀道难》是他袭用乐府古题，展开丰富的想象，着力描绘了秦蜀道路上奇丽惊险的山川，并从中透露了对社会的某些忧虑与关切。据说贺知章读至《蜀道难》时叹曰：“子谪仙人也。”《蜀道难》可以说是李白的代表作,也是成名作。
10.《静夜思》·李白
床前明月光，
疑是地上霜。
举头望明月，
低头思故乡。
短短四句诗，写得清新朴素，明白如话。它的内容是单纯的，但同时却又是丰富的。它是容易理解的，却又是体味不尽的。诗人所没有说的比他已经说出来的要多得多。它的构思是细致而深曲的，但却又是脱口吟成、浑然无迹的。从这里，我们不难领会到李白绝句的“自然”、“无意于工而无不工”的妙境。它只是用叙述的语气，写远客思乡之情，然而它却意味深长，耐人寻绎，千百年来，如此广泛地吸引着读者。 一个作客他乡的人，大概都会有这样的感觉吧：白天倒还罢了，到了夜深人静的时候，思乡的情绪，就难免一阵阵地在心头泛起波澜；何况是月明之夜，更何况是明月如霜的秋夜！
现在你随便找路人甲问问:“你会哪首诗啊,念首诗来听听啊”答案就是这首啊。世界上有唐人的地方就会有人读这首诗,这首诗从传诵方面来说可以说是中华第一诗。这首诗排名略后,原因是明清两代对原诗做了修改，即为现在人们熟知的版本,且短短20个字不足以表达中华文化的深和美。
09.《离骚》·屈原
帝高阳之苗裔兮，朕皇考曰伯庸。 摄提贞于孟陬兮，惟庚寅吾以降。 皇览揆余初度兮，肇锡余以嘉名： 名余曰正则兮，字余曰灵均。
纷吾既有此内美兮，又重之以修能。 扈江离与辟芷兮，纫秋兰以为佩。 汩余若将不及兮，恐年岁之不吾与。 朝搴阰之木兰兮，夕揽洲之宿莽。
日月忽其不淹兮，春与秋其代序。 惟草木之零落兮，恐美人之迟暮。 不抚壮而弃秽兮，何不改乎此度也？ 乘骐骥以驰骋兮，来吾道夫先路也！
昔三后之纯粹兮，固众芳之所在。 杂申椒与菌桂兮，岂维纫夫蕙茝！ 彼尧舜之耿介兮，既遵道而得路。 何桀纣之昌披兮，夫唯捷径以窘步。
惟党人之偷乐兮，路幽昧以险隘。 岂余身之惮殃兮，恐皇舆之败绩！ 忽奔走以先后兮，及前王之踵武。 荃不察余之中情兮，反信谗以齌怒。
余固知謇謇之为患兮，忍而不能舍也。 指九天以为正兮，夫唯灵修之故也。 曰黄昏以为期兮，羌中道而改路！（注1） 初既与余成言兮，后悔遁而有他。
余既不难夫离别兮，伤灵修之数化。 余既滋兰之九畹兮，又树蕙之百亩。 畦留夷与揭车兮，杂杜衡与芳芷。 冀枝叶之峻茂兮，愿竢时乎吾将刈。
虽萎绝其亦何伤兮，哀众芳之芜秽。 众皆竞进以贪婪兮，凭不厌乎求索。 羌内恕己以量人兮，各兴心而嫉妒。 忽驰骛以追逐兮，非余心之所急。
老冉冉其将至兮，恐修名之不立。 朝饮木兰之坠露兮，夕餐秋菊之落英。 苟余情其信姱以练要兮，长顑颔亦何伤。 揽木根以结茝兮，贯薜荔之落蕊。
矫菌桂以纫蕙兮，索胡绳之纚纚。 謇吾法夫前修兮，非世俗之所服。 虽不周于今之人兮，愿依彭咸之遗则。 长太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艰。
余虽好修姱以鞿羁兮，謇朝谇而夕替。 既替余以蕙纕兮，又申之以揽茝。 亦余心之所善兮，虽九死其犹未悔。 怨灵修之浩荡兮，终不察夫民心。
众女嫉余之蛾眉兮，谣诼谓余以善淫。 固时俗之工巧兮，偭规矩而改错。 背绳墨以追曲兮，竞周容以为度。 忳郁邑余侘傺兮，吾独穷困乎此时也。
宁溘死以流亡兮，余不忍为此态也。 鸷鸟之不群兮，自前世而固然。 何方圜之能周兮，夫孰异道而相安？ 屈心而抑志兮，忍尤而攘诟。
伏清白以死直兮，固前圣之所厚。 悔相道之不察兮，延伫乎吾将反。 回朕车以复路兮，及行迷之未远。 步余马于兰皋兮，驰椒丘且焉止息。
进不入以离尤兮，退将复修吾初服。 制芰荷以为衣兮，集芙蓉以为裳。 不吾知其亦已兮，苟余情其信芳。 高余冠之岌岌兮，长余佩之陆离。
芳与泽其杂糅兮，唯昭质其犹未亏。 忽反顾以游目兮，将往观乎四荒。 佩缤纷其繁饰兮，芳菲菲其弥章。 民生各有所乐兮，余独好修以为常。
虽体解吾犹未变兮，岂余心之可惩！ 女媭之婵媛兮，申申其詈予曰： “鲧婞直以亡身兮，终然殀乎羽之野。 汝何博謇而好修兮，纷独有此姱节？
薋菉葹以盈室兮，判独离而不服。” 众不可户说兮，孰云察余之中情？ 世并举而好朋兮，夫何茕独而不予听？” 依前圣以节中兮，喟凭心而历兹。
济沅湘以南征兮，就重华而陈词： “启《九辨》与《九歌》兮，夏康娱以自纵。 不顾难以图后兮，五子用失乎家巷。 （注3）羿淫游以佚畋兮，又好射夫封狐。
固乱流其鲜终兮，浞又贪夫厥家。 浇身被服强圉兮，纵欲而不忍。 日康娱而自忘兮，厥首用夫颠陨。 夏桀之常违兮，乃遂焉而逢殃。
后辛之菹醢兮，殷宗用而不长。 汤禹俨而祗敬兮，周论道而莫差。 举贤才而授能兮，循绳墨而不颇。 皇天无私阿兮，览民德焉错辅。
夫维圣哲以茂行兮，苟得用此下土。 瞻前而顾后兮，相观民之计极。 夫孰非义而可用兮？孰非善而可服？ 阽余身而危死兮，览余初其犹未悔。
不量凿而正枘兮，固前修以菹醢。” 曾歔欷余郁邑兮，哀朕时之不当。 揽茹蕙以掩涕兮，沾余襟之浪浪。 跪敷衽以陈辞兮，耿吾既得此中正。
驷玉虬以桀鹥兮，溘埃风余上征。 朝发轫于苍梧兮，夕余至乎县圃。 欲少留此灵琐兮，日忽忽其将暮。 吾令羲和弭节兮，望崦嵫而勿迫。
路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索。 饮余马于咸池兮，总余辔乎扶桑。 折若木以拂日兮，聊逍遥以相羊。 前望舒使先驱兮，后飞廉使奔属。
鸾皇为余先戒兮，雷师告余以未具。 吾令凤鸟飞腾兮，继之以日夜。 飘风屯其相离兮，帅云霓而来御。 纷总总其离合兮，斑陆离其上下。
吾令帝阍开关兮，倚阊阖而望予。 时暧暧其将罢兮，结幽兰而延伫。 世溷浊而不分兮，好蔽美而嫉妒。 朝吾将济于白水兮，登阆风而绁马。
忽反顾以流涕兮，哀高丘之无女。 溘吾游此春宫兮，折琼枝以继佩。 及荣华之未落兮，相下女之可诒。 吾令丰隆乘云兮，求宓妃之所在。
解佩纕以结言兮，吾令蹇修以为理。 纷总总其离合兮，忽纬繣其难迁。 夕归次于穷石兮，朝濯发乎洧盘。 保厥美以骄傲兮，日康娱以淫游。
虽信美而无礼兮，来违弃而改求。 览相观于四极兮，周流乎天余乃下。 望瑶台之偃蹇兮，见有娀之佚女。 吾令鸩为媒兮，鸩告余以不好。
雄鸠之鸣逝兮，余犹恶其佻巧。 心犹豫而狐疑兮，欲自适而不可。 凤皇既受诒兮，恐高辛之先我。 欲远集而无所止兮，聊浮游以逍遥。
及少康之未家兮，留有虞之二姚。 理弱而媒拙兮，恐导言之不固。 世溷浊而嫉贤兮，好蔽美而称恶。 闺中既以邃远兮，哲王又不寤。
怀朕情而不发兮，余焉能忍而与此终古？ 索藑茅以筳篿兮，命灵氛为余占之。 曰：“两美其必合兮，孰信修而慕之？ 思九州之博大兮，岂惟是其有女？”
曰：“勉远逝而无狐疑兮，孰求美而释女？ 何所独无芳草兮，尔何怀乎故宇？” 世幽昧以昡曜兮，孰云察余之善恶？ 民好恶其不同兮，惟此党人其独异！
户服艾以盈要兮，谓幽兰其不可佩。 览察草木其犹未得兮，岂珵美之能当？ 苏粪壤以充帏兮，谓申椒其不芳。 欲从灵氛之吉占兮，心犹豫而狐疑。
巫咸将夕降兮，怀椒糈而要之。 百神翳其备降兮，九疑缤其并迎。 皇剡剡其扬灵兮，告余以吉故。 曰：“勉升降以上下兮，求矩矱之所同。
汤禹严而求合兮，挚咎繇而能调。 苟中情其好修兮，又何必用夫行媒？ 说操筑于傅岩兮，武丁用而不疑。 吕望之鼓刀兮，遭周文而得举。
宁戚之讴歌兮，齐桓闻以该辅。 及年岁之未晏兮，时亦犹其未央。 恐鹈鴂之先鸣兮，使夫百草为之不芳。” 何琼佩之偃蹇兮，众薆然而蔽之。
惟此党人之不谅兮，恐嫉妒而折之。 时缤纷其变易兮，又何可以淹留？ 兰芷变而不芳兮，荃蕙化而为茅。 何昔日之芳草兮，今直为此萧艾也？
岂其有他故兮，莫好修之害也！ 余以兰为可恃兮，羌无实而容长。 委厥美以从俗兮，苟得列乎众芳。 椒专佞以慢慆兮，榝又欲充夫佩帏。
既干进而务入兮，又何芳之能祗？ 固时俗之流从兮，又孰能无变化？ 览椒兰其若兹兮，又况揭车与江离？ 惟兹佩之可贵兮，委厥美而历兹。
芳菲菲而难亏兮，芬至今犹未沫。 和调度以自娱兮，聊浮游而求女。 及余饰之方壮兮，周流观乎上下。 灵氛既告余以吉占兮，历吉日乎吾将行。
折琼枝以为羞兮，精琼爢以为粻。 为余驾飞龙兮，杂瑶象以为车。 何离心之可同兮？吾将远逝以自疏。 邅吾道夫昆仑兮，路修远以周流。
扬云霓之晻蔼兮，鸣玉鸾之啾啾。 朝发轫于天津兮，夕余至乎西极。 凤皇翼其承旗兮，高翱翔之翼翼。 忽吾行此流沙兮，遵赤水而容与。
麾蛟龙使梁津兮，诏西皇使涉予。 路修远以多艰兮，腾众车使径待。 路不周以左转兮，指西海以为期。 屯余车其千乘兮，齐玉轪而并驰。
驾八龙之婉婉兮，载云旗之委蛇。 抑志而弭节兮，神高驰之邈邈。 奏《九歌》而舞《韶》兮，聊假日以媮乐。 陟升皇之赫戏兮，忽临睨夫旧乡。
仆夫悲余马怀兮，蜷局顾而不行。 乱曰：“已矣哉！国无人莫我知兮，又何怀乎故都！ 既莫足与为美政兮，吾将从彭咸之所居！”
注1：“曰黄昏以为期兮，羌中道而改路！”二句有的版本没有。
注2：“申申其詈予曰”一句，有的版本没有“曰”字。
注3：“五子用失乎家巷”一句中，“失”字有人认为是衍文。“巷”有人写成“衖”。
注4：一些汉字目前输入法字库中没有其简体，不得已以繁体代替，如“纕”、“繣”、“薆”等。
（全诗字数：2888 行数：188 ）
屈原(约公元前339—约前278)，战国时期的楚国诗人、政治家，“楚辞”的创立者和代表作者。20世纪，曾被推举为世界文化名人而受到广泛纪念。从屈原在当时社会中的身份来说，他是一位政治家，而不是一般意义上的“诗人”；但以他的巨大的创作成就来说，他又是我国文学史上第一位伟大的诗人。《离骚》是屈原被贬后写出来的。本诗在中国历史上有一定地位，因此诗人也称“骚人”。在诗歌形式上，屈原打破了《诗经》那种以整齐的四言句为主、简短朴素的体制，创造出句式可长可短、篇幅宏大、内涵丰富复杂的“骚体诗”，这也具有极重要的意义。
《楚辞》篇名。屈原的代表作。 370多句，2400多字，为中国古代最长的政治抒情诗。《离骚》的语言是相当美的。首先，大量运用了比喻象征的手法。如以采摘香草喻加强自身修养，佩带香草喻保持修洁等。《离骚》 在艺术上取得的高度成就，与它丰富深刻的思想内容完 美地结合在一起，使它成为中国文学史上光照千古的绝 唱，并对后世产生了深远的影响。宋代著名史学家、词人宋祁说：“《离骚》为词赋之祖，后人为之，如至方不能加矩，至圆不能过规。”这就是说，《离骚》不仅开辟了一个广阔的文学领域，而且是中国诗赋方面永远不可企及的典范。鲁迅曾赞之为“逸响伟辞，卓绝一世”，给予了极高的评价。
总之，由屈原开创的楚辞，同《诗经》共同构成中国诗歌乃至整个中国文学的两大源头，对后世文学形成无穷的影响。而由于时代的发展，以及南北文化的区别，楚辞较之《诗经》，已有显著的进步。因之，它对后来文学的影响，更在《诗经》之上。《离骚》不仅是中国文学的奇珍，也是世界文学的瑰宝。
由于《离骚》是先秦古文,跟后来的古文有所区别,也是我们现在的人比较难读懂和欣赏,故排名有所靠后。
08.春江花月夜·张若虚
春江潮水连海平，海上明月共潮生。
滟滟随波千万里，何处春江无月明！
江流宛转绕芳甸，月照花林皆似霰。
空里流霜不觉飞，汀上白沙看不见。
江天一色无纤尘，皎皎空中孤月轮。
江畔何人初见月？江月何年初照人？
人生代代无穷已，江月年年只相似。
不知江月待何人，但见长江送流水。
白云一片去悠悠，青枫浦上不胜愁。
谁家今夜扁舟子？何处相思明月楼？
可怜楼上月徘徊，应照离人妆镜台。
玉户帘中卷不去，捣衣砧上拂还来。
此时相望不相闻，愿逐月华流照君。
鸿雁长飞光不度，鱼龙潜跃水成文。
昨夜闲潭梦落花，可怜春半不还家。
江水流春去欲尽，江潭落月复西斜。
斜月沉沉藏海雾，碣石潇湘无限路。
不知乘月几人归，落月摇情满江树。
张若虚（约660-约720），扬州(治所在今江苏扬州)人。其与贺知章、张旭、包融并称为"吴中四士"。其诗描写细腻，音节和谐，清丽开宕，富有情韵，在初唐诗风的转变中有重要地位。但受六朝柔靡诗风影响，常露人生无常之感。诗作大部散佚，《全唐诗》仅存2首，其一为《春江花月夜》，乃千古绝唱，是一篇脍炙人口的名作，有“以孤篇压倒全唐”之誉。
《春江花月夜》沿用陈隋乐府旧题来抒写真挚感人的离别情绪和富有哲理意味的人生感慨，语言清新优美，韵律婉转悠扬，完全洗去了宫体诗的浓脂艳粉，给人以澄澈空明、清丽自然的感觉。张若虚在诗中将画意、诗情与对宇宙奥秘和人生哲理的体察融为一体，创造出情景交融、玲珑透彻的诗境。而在明净的诗境中，又融入了一层淡淡的忧伤。诗人将真切的生命体验融入美的形象，诗情与画意相结合，表明唐诗意境的创造已进入炉火纯青的阶段。清末王闿运评价称“张若虚《春江花月夜》用《西洲》格调，孤篇横绝，竟为大家；李贺、商隐，挹其鲜润；宋词、元诗，尽其支流”，足见其非同凡响的崇高地位和悠悠不尽之深远影响。该诗中的“春江潮水连海平，海上明月共潮生”、“江天一色无纤尘，皎皎空中孤月轮”、“此时相望不相闻，愿逐月华流照君”和“不知乘月几人归，落月摇情满江树”等皆是描摹细腻、情景交融的极佳之句。
07.《天净沙·秋思》·马致远
枯藤老树昏鸦，
小桥流水人家，
古道西风瘦马。
夕阳西下，
断肠人在天涯。
马致远同时是撰写散曲的高手，是元代散曲大家，今存散曲约130多首，他的写景作如《秋思》，如诗如画，余韵无穷。
这是马致远著名的小曲，28个字勾画出一幅羁旅荒郊图。这支曲以断肠人触景生情组成。从标题上看出作者抒情的动机。马致远一曲小令，短短28字，意蕴深远，结构精巧，平仄起伏，顿挫有致，音韵铿锵，直贯灵心。其四射的艺术魅力，倾倒古今多少文士雅客，骚人才子。曲中意味，既“深得唐人绝句妙景”（《人间词话》），又兼具宋词清隽疏朗之自然，历来被推崇为描写自然的佳作，堪称“秋思之祖”（《中原音韵》）。
06.《虞美人》·李煜
春花秋月何时了，往事知多少！小楼昨夜又东风，故国不堪回首月明中。
雕栏玉砌应犹在，只是朱颜改。问君能有几多愁？恰似一江春水向东流。
李煜（yù）（公元937--978），字重光，初名从嘉，号钟隐，莲峰居士等，是五代十国时期南唐的君主，故又被称作南唐后主或李后主。李煜工书，善画，洞晓音律，诗、词、文皆通，以词的成就最为突出。李煜在文学史上的地位，主要取决于他的艺术成就。他的词艺术成就很高。他善于用白描手法抒写自己的感情，善于用贴切的比喻将抽象的感情形象化。他的词语言明净，优美，生动，在题材和意境上均突破了“花间词”派镂金刻翠，以写艳情为主的狭窄意境，对词的发展起了极其重要的作用 。
《虞美人》是李煜的代表作，也是李后主的绝命词。相传他于自己生日（七月七日）之夜（“七夕”），在寓所命故妓作乐，唱新作《虞美人》词，声闻于外。宋太宗闻之大怒，命人赐药酒，将他毒死。这首《虞美人》充满悲恨激楚的感情色彩，其感情之深厚、强烈，真如滔滔江水，大有不顾一切，冲决而出之势。一个处于刀俎之上的亡国之君，竟敢如此大胆地抒发亡国之恨，是史所罕见的。法国作家缪塞说：“最美丽的诗歌是最绝望的诗歌，有些不朽的篇章是纯粹的眼泪。”
05.《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》·苏轼
大江东去，浪淘尽。千古风流人物。故垒西边，人道是，三国周郎赤壁。乱石崩云，惊涛拍岸，卷起千堆雪。江山如画，一时多少豪杰!
遥想公瑾当年，小乔初嫁了，雄姿英发，羽扇纶巾，谈笑间，樯橹灰飞烟灭。故国神游，多情应笑我，早生华发。人间如梦，一樽还酹江月。
苏轼这首《念奴娇》，无疑是宋词中有数之作。立足点如此之高，写历史人物又如此精妙，不但词坛罕见，在诗国也是不可多得的。这首词感慨古今，雄浑苍凉，大气磅礴，昂扬郁勃，把人们带入江山如画、奇伟雄壮的景色和深邃无比的历史沉思中。这首被誉为“千古绝唱”的名作，是宋词中流传最广、影响最大的作品，也是豪放词最杰出的代表。它写于神宗元丰五年（1082）年七月，是苏轼贬居黄州时游黄风城外的赤壁矶时所作。
04.《长恨歌》·白居易
汉皇重色思倾国，御宇多年求不得。杨家有女初长成，养在深闺人未识。
天生丽质难自弃，一朝选在君王侧。回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色。
春寒赐浴华清池，温泉水滑洗凝脂。侍儿扶起娇无力，始是新承恩泽时。
云鬓花颜金步摇，芙蓉帐暖度春宵。春宵苦短日高起，从此君王不早朝。
承欢侍宴无闲暇，春从春游夜专夜。后宫佳丽三千人，三千宠爱在一身。
金屋妆成娇侍夜，玉楼宴罢醉和春。姊妹弟兄皆列土，可怜光彩生门户。
遂令天下父母心，不重生男重生女。骊宫高处入青云，仙乐风飘处处闻。
缓歌慢舞凝丝竹，尽日君王看不足。渔阳鼙鼓动地来，惊破霓裳羽衣曲。
九重城阙烟尘生，千乘万骑西南行。翠华摇摇行复止，西出都门百余里。
六军不发无奈何，宛转蛾眉马前死。花钿委地无人收，翠翘金雀玉搔头。
君王掩面救不得，回看血泪相和流。黄埃散漫风萧索，云栈萦纡登剑阁。
峨嵋山下少人行，旌旗无光日色薄。蜀江水碧蜀山青，圣主朝朝暮暮情。
行宫见月伤心色，夜雨闻铃肠断声。天旋日转回龙驭，到此踌躇不能去。
马嵬坡下泥土中，不见玉颜空死处。君臣相顾尽沾衣，东望都门信马归。
归来池苑皆依旧，太液芙蓉未央柳。芙蓉如面柳如眉，对此如何不泪垂？
春风桃李花开夜，秋雨梧桐叶落时。西宫南苑多秋草，落叶满阶红不扫。
梨园弟子白发新，椒房阿监青娥老。夕殿萤飞思悄然，孤灯挑尽未成眠。
迟迟钟鼓初长夜，耿耿星河欲曙天。鸳鸯瓦冷霜华重，翡翠衾寒谁与共？
悠悠生死别经年，魂魄不曾来入梦。临邛道士鸿都客，能以精诚致魂魄。
为感君王辗转思，遂教方士殷勤觅。排空驭气奔如电，升天入地求之遍。
上穷碧落下黄泉，两处茫茫皆不见。忽闻海上有仙山，山在虚无缥缈间。
楼阁玲珑五云起，其中绰约多仙子。中有一人字太真，雪肤花貌参差是。
金阙西厢叩玉扃，转教小玉报双成。闻道汉家天子使，九华帐里梦魂惊。
揽衣推枕起徘徊，珠箔银屏迤逦开。云鬓半偏新睡觉，花冠不整下堂来。
风吹仙袂飘飖举，犹似霓裳羽衣舞。玉容寂寞泪阑干，梨花一枝春带雨。
含情凝睇谢君王，一别音容两渺茫。昭阳殿里恩爱绝，蓬莱宫中日月长。
回头下望人寰处，不见长安见尘雾。惟将旧物表深情，钿合金钗寄将去。
钗留一股合一扇，钗擘黄金合分钿。但令心似金钿坚，天上人间会相见。
临别殷勤重寄词，词中有誓两心知。七月七日长生殿，夜半无人私语时。
在天愿作比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝。天长地久有时尽，此恨绵绵无绝期。
作为一首千古绝唱的叙事诗，《长恨歌》在艺术上的成就是很高的。古往今来，许多人都肯定这首诗的特殊的艺术魅力。《长恨歌》在艺术上以什么感染和诱惑着读者呢？宛转动人，缠绵悱恻，恐怕是它最大的艺术个性，也是它能吸住千百年来的读者，使他们受感染、被诱惑的力量。歌的特点是不讲究格律，任由诗人创作兴致所至。抒发感情，句数多少不限，可以说是句式整齐的“自由体”诗。
03.《沁园春·雪》·毛泽东
北国风光，千里冰封，万里雪飘。
望长城内外，惟余莽莽；
大河上下，顿失滔滔。
山舞银蛇，原驰蜡象，欲与天公试比高。
须晴日，看红装素裹，分外妖娆。
江山如此多娇，引无数英雄竞折腰。
惜秦皇汉武，略输文采；
唐宗宋祖，稍逊风骚。
一代天骄，成吉思汗，只识弯弓射大雕。
俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。
毛主席诗词是中国革命的史诗，是中华诗词海洋中的一朵奇葩。《沁园春·雪》更被南社盟主柳亚子盛赞为千古绝唱。这首词一直是我的最爱，毛泽东具有很高的中国古典文学修养，长于推陈出新，古为今用。他能根据作品的内容选择最恰当的诗体词调，对诗词格律运用自如；有时严格按古代韵书规定押韵，有时为更好地表现内容，并不拘泥。毛泽东诗词以对传统诗词形式的巧妙继承和革新，颇为完美地表现了丰富而又崭新的内容。上阕以排山倒海的气势，描绘了一幅辽阔的北国雪景图，更隐喻了波澜壮阔的革命全景。下阕以改天换地的豪情，展开了一幅壮丽的中华历史长卷，更暗含了建设国家的全盘大计。纵横几万里，上下数千年，时空交织而又浑然一体。艺术上足以令人神醉，情感上抒发拳拳至爱，军事上吹响胜利号角，政治上评说文武之道。
然而，从发表之日起，这首词就遭到了诸多恶意的攻击，引发了旷日持久的争论。有人说它有帝王思想、君主气象；有人说它夸大自吹、离题万里；有人说它比喻不当、缺乏转折；有人说它词意稀疏、平淡无奇；甚至有人说它是模仿之作、旁人代笔……断章取义且流于表面，竟视金玉如砖石。《沁园春·雪》让我们领略了一种绝美,这是真正的指点江山，这是真正的激扬文字，这是真正的神来之笔。这是诗中极品，只能梦寻偶得，绝非刻意雕琢；这是千古绝唱，源于灵感喷发，可遇而不可求。试问中华诗词的巅峰在哪里？李白的《将进酒》可比作昆仑，苏轼的《水调歌头》可喻为太行，而《沁园春·雪》就是当之无愧的珠穆朗玛！
02.《水调歌头》·苏轼
丙辰中秋，欢饮达旦，大醉，作此篇，兼怀子由。
明月几时有，把酒问青天。
不知天上宫阙，今夕是何年？
我欲乘风归去，又恐琼楼玉宇，
高处不胜寒。
起舞弄清影，何似在人间！
转朱阁，低绮户，照无眠。
不应有恨，何事长向别时圆？
人有悲欢离合，月有阴晴圆缺，
此事古难全。
但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。
苏轼（1037～1101），字子瞻，号东坡居士，北宋眉山人。是著名的北宋文学家，唐宋散文八大家之一。他学识渊博，多才多艺，在书法、绘画、诗词、散文各方面都有很高造诣。《水调歌头·明月几时有》是苏轼的代表作之一，倍受后人的赞誉和喜欢。是独具特色，脍炙人口的传世词篇。全词设景清丽雄阔，如月光下广袤的清寒世界，天上、人间来回驰骋的开阔空间。将此背景与词人超越一己之喜乐哀愁的豁达胸襟、乐观情调相结合，便典型地体现出苏词清雄旷达的风格。这首《水调歌头》历来都受到人们的推崇。胡仔在《苕溪渔隐丛话》说：“中秋词，自东坡《水调歌头》一出，余词尽废。”认为这是写得最好的一首词，此说也是一点都不过分的。
01.《将进酒》·李白
{乐府诗集}
君不见黄河之水天上来，奔流到海不复回。
君不见高堂明镜悲白发，朝如青丝暮成雪。
人生得意须尽欢，莫使金樽空对月。
天生我材必有用，千金散尽还复来。
烹羊宰牛且为乐，会须一饮三百杯。
岑夫子，丹丘生，将进酒，君莫停。
与君歌一曲，请君为我侧耳听：
钟鼓馔玉何足贵，但愿长醉不复醒。
古来圣贤皆寂寞，惟有饮者留其名。
陈王昔时宴平乐，斗酒十千恣欢谑。
主人何为言少钱，径须沽取对君酌。
五花马，千金裘，呼儿将出换美酒，与尔同销万古愁。
唐代李白沿用乐府古体写的《将进酒》，影响极大。虽然在思想内容上得不到历代主流意识的推荐,但从艺术和诗的角度看,仍然是一首十分完美的诗。此诗在喜欢喝酒的广大群众中影响是不同凡响的。
《将进酒》篇幅不算长，却五音繁会，气象不凡。它笔酣墨饱，情极悲愤而作狂放，语极豪纵而又沉着。诗篇具有震动古今的气势与力量，这诚然与夸张手法不无关系，比如诗中屡用巨额数目字（“千金”、“三百杯”、“斗酒十千”、“千金裘”、“万古愁”等等）表现豪迈诗情，同时，又不给人空洞浮夸感，其根源就在于它那充实深厚的内在感情，那潜在酒话底下如波涛汹涌的郁怒情绪。此外，全篇大起大落，诗情忽翕忽张，由悲转乐、转狂放、转愤激、再转狂放、最后结穴于“万古愁”，回应篇首，如大河奔流，有气势，亦有曲折，纵横捭阖，力能扛鼎。其歌中有歌的包孕写法，又有鬼斧神工、“绝去笔墨畦径”之妙。《唐诗别裁》谓“读李诗者于雄快之中，得其深远宕逸之神，才是谪仙人面目”，此篇足以当之。
Thursday, March 31, 2011
"When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you ... Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you." -- Ernest Hemingway
Does Hemingway's words remind you of anything?
Have you ever thought that you are somewhat, DIFFERENT?
Did you feel that you are the ONE chosen to accomplish a special assignment?
Have you ever DESPISE others on their timidness, directionlessness and realism?
Did you feel that all your CLOSET friends live in books but dead hundreds of years ago?
Until one day, you are severely WOUNDED.
Your body is trembling.
Your spirit is wavering.
You feel so, LOST.
You realized that you are not really that, SPECIAL.
You began to wonder, WHO else, went through the same.
You suddenly discovered that you can feel SYMPATHY now for the ones you used to despise.
You started to greatly APPRECIATE the ones who went through failures and failures and still keep smiling towards life.
You sort of HEALED, although you still lick your wounds sometime.
And life goes on.
"All you need is ignorance and confidence and the success is sure." -- Mark Twain.
You lost your ignorance, do you still have your confidence?
"I am an optimist. It does not seem too much use being anything else." -- Winston Churchill.
Confidence is a choice, to help you do things. You have it the moment you decide to.
"Nearly everything you do is of no importance, but it is important you do it." -- Mohandas Gandhi
But why do those things? You tell me.
Tuesday, March 29, 2011
More More Quotations
Aristotle (Greek, 384BC-322BC)
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A true friend is one soul in two bodies.
Homer has taught all other poets the art of telling lies skillfully.
I have gained this from philosophy: that I do without being commanded what others do only from fear of the law.
In a democracy the poor will have more power than the rich, because there are more of them, and the will of the majority is supreme.
Inferiors revolt in order that they may be equal, and equals that they may be superior. Such is the state of mind which creates revolutions.
Mothers are fonder than fathers of their children because they are more certain they are their own.
No excellent soul is exempt from a mixture of madness.
Republics decline into democracies and democracies degenerate into despotisms.
The most perfect political community is one in which the middle class is in control, and outnumbers both of the other classes.
The secret to humor is surprise.
The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal.
Those who educate children well are more to be honored than they who produce them; for these only gave them life, those the art of living well.
Wishing to be friends is quick work, but friendship is a slow ripening fruit.
Youth is easily deceived because it is quick to hope.
Niccolo Machiavelli (Italian, 1469-1527)
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A return to first principles in a republic is sometimes caused by the simple virtues of one man. His good example has such an influence that the good men strive to imitate him, and the wicked are ashamed to lead a life so contrary to his example.
A son can bear with equanimity the loss of his father, but the loss of his inheritance may drive him to despair.
Before all else, be armed.
Benefits should be conferred gradually; and in that way they will taste better.
For among other evils caused by being disarmed, it renders you contemptible; which is one of those disgraceful things which a prince must guard against.
If an injury has to be done to a man it should be so severe that his vengeance need not be feared.
Severities should be dealt out all at once, so that their suddenness may give less offense; benefits ought to be handed ought drop by drop, so that they may be relished the more.
The main foundations of every state, new states as well as ancient or composite ones, are good laws and good arms you cannot have good laws without good arms, and where there are good arms, good laws inevitably follow.
When you disarm the people, you commence to offend them and show that you distrust them either through cowardice or lack of confidence, and both of these opinions generate hatred.
Whoever conquers a free town and does not demolish it commits a great error and may expect to be ruined himself.
Voltaire (French, 1694-1778)
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Appreciation is a wonderful thing: It makes what is excellent in others belong to us as well.
Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is absurd.
He must be very ignorant for he answers every question he is asked.
If there were no God, it would be necessary to invent him.
It is not enough to conquer; one must learn to seduce.
It is said that the present is pregnant with the future.
Judge a man by his questions rather than his answers.
No problem can withstand the assault of sustained thinking.
The Holy Roman Empire is neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire.
Think for yourselves and let others enjoy the privilege to do so, too.
This self-love is the instrument of our preservation; it resembles the provision for the perpetuity of mankind: it is necessary, it is dear to us, it gives us pleasure, and we must conceal it.
Use, do not abuse; neither abstinence nor excess ever renders man happy.
Friedrich Nietzsche (German, 1844-1900)
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Arrogance on the part of the meritorious is even more offensive to us than the arrogance of those without merit: for merit itself is offensive.
A woman may very well form a friendship with a man, but for this to endure, it must be assisted by a little physical antipathy.
Character is determined more by the lack of certain experiences than by those one has had.
Do whatever you will, but first be such as are able to will.
Egoism is the very essence of a noble soul.
Every church is a stone on the grave of a god-man: it does not want him to rise up again under any circumstances.
Fear is the mother of morality.
He who has a why to live can bear almost any how.
In heaven, all the interesting people are missing.
It is good to express a thing twice right at the outset and so to give it a right foot and also a left one. Truth can surely stand on one leg, but with two it will be able to walk and get around.
Regarding life, the wisest men of all ages have judged alike: it is worthless.
That which does not kill us makes us stronger.
The surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher esteem those who think alike than those who think differently.
There are various eyes. Even the Sphinx has eyes: and as a result there are various truths, and as a result there is no truth.
There is in general good reason to suppose that in several respects the gods could all benefit from instruction by us human beings. We humans are - more humane.
Those who cannot understand how to put their thoughts on ice should not enter into the heat of debate.
Ernest Hemingway (American, 1899-1961)
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All things truly wicked start from innocence.
Always do sober what you said you'd do drunk. That will teach you to keep your mouth shut.
Cowardice... is almost always simply a lack of ability to suspend functioning of the imagination.
Forget your personal tragedy. We are all bitched from the start and you especially have to be hurt like hell before you can write seriously. But when you get the damned hurt, use it-don't cheat with it.
Monday, March 28, 2011
More Quotations
What we wish, we readily believe, and what we ourselves think, we imagine others think also.
Julius Caesar (Roman, 100BC-44BC)
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Advertisements contain the only truths to be relied on in a newspaper.
Thomas Jefferson (American, 1743-1826)
Don't talk about what you have done or what you are going to do.
Thomas Jefferson
Every citizen should be a soldier. This was the case with the Greeks and Romans, and must be that of every free state.
Thomas Jefferson
Fix reason firmly in her seat, and call to her tribunal every fact, every opinion. Question with boldness even the existence of a God; because, if there be one, he must more approve of the homage of reason, than that of blindfolded fear.
Thomas Jefferson
For a people who are free, and who mean to remain so, a well-organized and armed militia is their best security.
Thomas Jefferson
I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies.
Thomas Jefferson
I find that he is happiest of whom the world says least, good or bad.
Thomas Jefferson
In matters of style, swim with the current; in matters of principle, stand like a rock.
Thomas Jefferson
Mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.
Thomas Jefferson
Money, not morality, is the principle commerce of civilized nations.
Thomas Jefferson
Never spend your money before you have earned it.
Thomas Jefferson
No man will ever carry out of the Presidency the reputation which carried him into it.
Thomas Jefferson
Our country is now taking so steady a course as to show by what road it will pass to destruction, to wit: by consolidation of power first, and then corruption, its necessary consequence.
Thomas Jefferson
Peace, commerce and honest friendship with all nations; entangling alliances with none.
Thomas Jefferson
That government is the strongest of which every man feels himself a part.
Thomas Jefferson
The moment a person forms a theory, his imagination sees in every object only the traits which favor that theory.
Thomas Jefferson
The natural progress of things is for liberty to yield and government to gain ground.
Thomas Jefferson
The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.
Thomas Jefferson
There is not a sprig of grass that shoots uninteresting to me.
Thomas Jefferson
When you reach the end of your rope, tie a knot in it and hang on.
Thomas Jefferson
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Among those who dislike oppression are many who like to oppress.
Napoleon Bonaparte (French, 1769-1821)
He who knows how to flatter also knows how to slander.
Napoleon Bonaparte
History is a set of lies agreed upon.
Napoleon Bonaparte
I love power. But it is as an artist that I love it. I love it as a musician loves his violin, to draw out its sounds and chords and harmonies.
Napoleon Bonaparte
The act of policing is, in order to punish less often, to punish more severely.
Napoleon Bonaparte
There are only two forces that unite men - fear and interest.
Napoleon Bonaparte
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Action expresses priorities.
Mohandas Gandhi (Indian, 1869-1948)
Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony.
Mohandas Gandhi
I look only to the good qualities of men. Not being faultless myself, I won't presume to probe into the faults of others.
Mohandas Gandhi
Imitation is the sincerest flattery.
Mohandas Gandhi
Morality is contraband in war.
Mohandas Gandhi
My religion is based on truth and non-violence. Truth is my God. Non-violence is the means of realising Him.
Mohandas Gandhi
Nearly everything you do is of no importance, but it is important that you do it.
Mohandas Gandhi
The greatness of a nation can be judged by the way its animals are treated.
Mohandas Gandhi
The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.
Mohandas Gandhi
Those who say religion has nothing to do with politics do not know what religion is.
Mohandas Gandhi
We do not need to proselytise either by our speech or by our writing. We can only do so really with our lives. Let our lives be open books for all to study.
Mohandas Gandhi
We win justice quickest by rendering justice to the other party.
Mohandas Gandhi
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A joke is a very serious thing.
Winston Churchill (English, 1874-1965)
A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty.
Winston Churchill
A prisoner of war is a man who tries to kill you and fails, and then asks you not to kill him.
Winston Churchill
An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last.
Winston Churchill
Eating words has never given me indigestion.
Winston Churchill
Great and good are seldom the same man.
Winston Churchill
He has all of the virtues I dislike and none of the vices I admire.
Winston Churchill
History will be kind to me for I intend to write it.
Winston Churchill
I am always ready to learn although I do not always like being taught.
Winston Churchill
I am an optimist. It does not seem too much use being anything else.
Winston Churchill
I am fond of pigs. Dogs look up to us. Cats look down on us. Pigs treat us as equals.
Winston Churchill
In wartime, truth is so precious that she should always be attended by a bodyguard of lies.
Winston Churchill
"No comment" is a splendid expression. I am using it again and again.
Winston Churchill
Play the game for more than you can afford to lose... only then will you learn the game.
Winston Churchill
The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings; the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries.
Winston Churchill
There is no such thing as public opinion. There is only published opinion.
Winston Churchill
Those who can win a war well can rarely make a good peace and those who could make a good peace would never have won the war.
Winston Churchill
To improve is to change; to be perfect is to change often.
Winston Churchill
True genius resides in the capacity for evaluation of uncertain, hazardous, and conflicting information.
Winston Churchill
We are all worms. But I believe that I am a glow-worm.
Winston Churchill
----------------
Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas.
Joseph Stalin (Russian, 1879-1953)
Sunday, March 27, 2011
Mark Twain Quotations
A man's character may be learned from the adjectives which he habitually uses in conversation.
All generalizations are false, including this one.
All you need is ignorance and confidence and the success is sure.
Anger is an acid that can do more harm to the vessel in which it is stored than to anything on which it is poured.
Civilization is the limitless multiplication of unnecessary necessities.
'Classic.' A book which people praise and don't read.
Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.
Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear, not absence of fear.
Familiarity breeds contempt - and children.
I don't like to commit myself about heaven and hell - you see, I have friends in both places.
If you tell the truth, you don't have to remember anything.
It is easier to stay out than get out.
It is just like man's vanity and impertinence to call an animal dumb because it is dumb to his dull perceptions.
It's no wonder that truth is stranger than fiction. Fiction has to make sense.
Let us make a special effort to stop communicating with each other, so we can have some conversation.
Man will do many things to get himself loved, he will do all things to get himself envied.
My books are like water; those of the great geniuses are wine. (Fortunately) everybody drinks water.
Patriot: the person who can holler the loudest without knowing what he is hollering about.
Substitute "damn" every time you're inclined to write "very"; your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.
The lack of money is the root of all evil.
The man who is a pessimist before 48 knows too much; if he is an optimist after it, he knows too little.
There are several good protections against temptation, but the surest is cowardice.
Wednesday, March 23, 2011
Africa Wikipedia Notes
I love maps.
Regions
Nations
Geography
Empires before Colonization
Scramble for Africa (1881- WWI 1914)
GDP per capita (2002, $)
Language
Religion
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
Interesting charts by The Economist
world GDP since Jesus
The ratio of youth to adult unemployment worsens
Which countries match the GDP and population of America's states?
What is behind rising inflation?
A map of world alcohol consumption
How mens' waistlines have grown since 1980
Which countries match the GDP, population and exports of Chinese provinces?
Mapping the Arab world -- The Economist
http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/02/arab_league_map
Libya has such high PPP, 3 times that of Egypt. But it is said this is caused by abundant oil resource and low population, and most wealth is concentrated in few.
Most countries have close or over 50% of population under age 25. Also see this Global Median Age by Country from Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid#Youth_bulge
Thursday, January 13, 2011
Tuesday, January 11, 2011
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